Full Circle: Journal Writing Circles With Kids and Teens


I never say we’re going to learn our culture, but the kids learn it because they’re living it. In our journal writing circles I don’t necessarily say, we’re going to explore our identity, yet most of the time this is what we do. 

Our classes are held outdoors under a bead-blue sky. We stretch out on the grass, a breeze blowing. I remind the group of twelve-year olds gathered not to worry about spelling or punctuation, the goal is to write as fast as they can, and produce a page or two or three of rough draft uncensored thoughts. 

To jump-start the kids into writing I lead with a question. “What are a few things about yourself that you think other people don’t understand?”

Then I add, as I do every time I work with students young or old, “Don’t worry if you veer off the topic. Just write anything that comes into your mind.”

After each person has had time to write down thoughts, we go around the circle and anyone who wants to, reads what they have written. Confidentially is always a moot point. So, sometimes there are those who want to crumple up the paper after they have written, before or after reading aloud. That’s OK. The purpose is to tap into our minds, and see what might be lurking in our subconscious. We don’t need to save what we have written, or turn it into a monument.

Writers are visionaries. We routinely practice a form of faith, seeing clearly and moving toward a creative goal that shimmers in the distance. As a writer, and an instructor of creative writing, everyday I practice this form of faith. As a mother and grandmother with the goal of supporting my children's developing sense of identity of who they are, and where they come from, I also routinely practice faith by trusting that I am doing my best job of helping my kids find avenues to explore and launch their feelings. And silence is silence, and nothing about it is golden if I allow myself to believe that children, who don’t talk about race, or racial teasing or racial stereotyping, aren’t dealing with these issues.

The most effective journaling sessions are when the rules are firm. With kids and teens it’s generally best to set a “no parents allowed” rule. (Generally it is best to set a no parents allowed rule for anybody writing down their private thoughts, even for those of us who are over 50.) No criticizing, no making fun of anything anyone writes, with a focus on compassionate listening offers the best chance for kids to peel back the layers of their personalities, and figure out what they really want to say, and what questions they want to ask. 

I’ve found the most successful journaling circles are when the kids have common bonds and emotional links with each other such as growing up Native American or Korean American or having been adopted transracially. I keep the majority of the writing topics open and flexible and not centered on adoption, or ethnicity and identity. Slants specific to those topic areas spring up automatically and will present themselves in a far more creative light than if I’d forced the subject. Yet usually I add one or maybe two writing topics in specific areas common to the group experience. Recently with a group of daughters adopted from China I opened by saying, “Name three ways in which you think of yourself as being typically Asian, and three ways in which you don’t.” I had a second specific theme to suggest they write on later on, except the group bent over their note pads and wrote fast, like the wind, and they spent the rest of the hour talking about a spin off comment, namely “If you could tell the kids at school exactly what you are thinking when they ask—but where are you really from?”


Since our purpose of journaling together is born of friendship, and not a therapy session where the focus is on identifying problems and finding solutions, I find it is best to let the writing flow naturally. Letting go of expectations is a must. As a lover of the written word, I want everyone to fall passionately into writing. But sometimes after a few minutes of writing everyone gets looped into a conversation. Which is why I follow journaling sessions with kids with a “Talking Circle” taken from my own American Indian oral tradition.

The traditional way, which is observed when Native people gather for the purpose of a “Talking Circle”, is for everyone to sit in a circle, of course. One person begins talking from their heart and they hold the “talking stick” while speaking, and have the opportunity to talk uninterrupted. When the person is finished speaking they pass the “talking stick” to the person next to them, and we go around the circle until everyone who wants to talk has had a chance to speak. We are supportive listeners and refrain from offering suggestions or finding fixes because this cuts off the flow of conversation, respect and trust.

When necessary I begin the dialogue but I don’t ride herd, my role is to act as guide, get the group going, and then let them drive. Even those kids who stay at the fringe of the group, or appear withdrawn or quiet, are still observing and learning from the group dynamics.

I’ve never facilitated or sat in any of the circles my kids have participated in because I wanted them to have a chance to figure out whom they might be without me breathing down their neck or trying to sneak a peek into their minds. Yet I’ve found when I gave my them the free space they needed to explore, we effortlessly communicated on a deeper level, often when I least expected it. For example my son liked to tell me his deepest thoughts while I sat in five o’clock traffic, waiting to make a left turn. Looking back I know by timing it perfectly he was guaranteed I would listen, and not interrupt what he had to say.

As hard as it was to let my children go off alone to teen groups (and for my kids this also included transracial adoption groups, and cancer survivor, and siblings of cancer survivor camp intimate discussions) and not have any idea what they were thinking and experiencing— it was good practice for me because I felt those exact same pangs of longing and feeling left out when I dropped my daughter off at college and she moved into the dorm. And I felt that way again four years later when she graduated and got her first job, and moved into her own apartment.

Motherhood is about loving and being able to let go, and if we do the growing up right, our children will be blessed with opportunities to think and speak candidly about their feelings, and will walk away from us, one baby step at a time, towards rich and full lives of their own making. And, I thank my lucky stars because frequently she calls home, providing me with sweet, intimate details of her newfound independence, returning the faith and trust I gave her so freely.

First published at Adoption Today and reprinted in a slightly different form at Speak Mom
Copyright © 2008 Terra Trevor. All rights reserved.

Two Standards: ICWA (Indian Child Welfare Act)


Since I’m Native American, naturally we first considered an American Indian adoption. The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) requires efforts first be made to place American Indian children with birth relatives, then with tribal members. To apply with the Native American Adoption Exchange adoptive parents need to provide an enrollment number or certificate of degree of Indian blood. My husband is white and after careful consideration we made the decision not to adopt a Native child due to the barriers he would face. 

While ICWA is necessary to reduce the movement of Indian children into non-native families, the requirement of enrollment is like having a pedigree and, ironically, another barrier Native American adoptive parents have to face.

I believe a person of any race who is willing to make a personal, life-long racial and cultural commitment to Native lifeways, can be a good parent to an Indian child, and yet I also believe the ICWA laws are necessary. 

The kindness, love and ability of many non-Native adoptive parents to parent an Indian child is clear, and yet the custody and upbringing of children is one of the most urgent issues Native Americans have ever faced. Indian children have long been subject to removal from their homes for placement in residential schools and, more recently in foster and adoptive homes. Placement that started in the mid 19th century continues, though less overtly. The result is a metamorphosis of independent people into a largely dependent group.

Both the U.S. and Canadian government reduced Native nations to the legal status of dependent children, and has asserted as surrogate parents over Native children. All Native children in my grandparents generation were forced to attend boarding schools, often far from their homes and were punished for speaking their own language. Most non-Natives do not realize that this practice continued in recent years and that some of those who experienced this treatment are still under retirement age.

One of the articles of faith among adoptive parents is diversity. But we are still caught in the divide of those adoptive parents who feel parents should be culturally and racially blind, and those of us who believe we must keep an essential link to racial and cultural identity. In the U.S. large numbers of non-white children are placed with white families. In this setting it is little wonder that race, heritage, culture and ethnicity are perceived not so much as they are in America, but as they have to be, from a pan-Caucasian point of view.

What is the answer? Like all laws, Social Services also has it problems, loopholes, as well as a long history as a benign metaphor for assimilation. Does it not propagate the dominant culture as normative while silencing the birth culture and the voice of Native America? And while the Indian Child Welfare Act is also not perfect, it has served as a threshold for Indian people—a beginning, a place and a moment for us between here and there. 

Dr. Maya Angelou says it best. “We had come so far from where we started, and weren’t nearly approaching where we had to be, but we’re on the road to becoming better.

First published in Fostering Families Today

Copyright © 2002 Terra Trevor. All rights reserved.